La proteína fotorreceptora rodopsina (R) fue extraída de los segmentos externos de los bastoncillos de retinas bovinas con el detergente n-dodecil β-D-maltósido (DM) y purificada a homogeneidad mediante cromatografía de afinidad. El entrecruzamiento químico de la R y de la rodopsina fotoactivada (R*) con los agentes bifuncionales sulfo-succinimidilo 4-(Nmaleimidometilo) ciclohexano-1-carboxilato (sulfo-SMCC) o m-maleimidobenzoilo-N-hidroxisuccinimido ester, sugirieron la naturaleza oligomérica de la proteína fotorreceptora. La caracterización de los parámetros hidrodinámicos de la R y la R* en presencia de 0.1% DM, mediante cromatografía de exclusión molecular y sedimentación sobre gradientes de sacarosa, permitió estimar los tamaños de los complejos R:DM y R*: DM. Los resultados concuerdan con una estructura cuaternaria dimérica tanto para la R como para la R*. La R entrecruzada con sulfo-SMCC, en presencia de luz, fue estabilizada en un fotointermediario que absorbió a ~ 470 nm. Experimentos de proteólisis con termolísina sobre los dímeros nativos de R y sobre los monómeros de R generados por medio del uso de altas concentraciones de DM, complementados con estudios de modelaje basados en la estructura cristalina reportada de la proteína, sugirieron que el reactivo sulfo-SMCC generó un entrecruzamiento intramolecular entre la Cys140 y la Lys248 de la R, el cual posiblemente es el responsable de la incapacidad de la proteína de sufrir el cambio conformacional requerido para llegar a su estado fotoactivado.

The photoreceptor protein rhodopsin (R) was extracted from bovine retinal rod outer segments using the detergent n-dodecyl β-D-maltoside (DM), and purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography. Chemical cross-linking of R and photoactivated rhodopsin (R*) with the bifunctional agents sulfo-succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl) ciclohexane-1-carboxylate (sulfo-SMCC) or m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, suggested the oligomeric nature of this photoreceptor protein. The characterization of the hydrodynamic parameters of R and R* in the presence of 0.1% DM, using molecular exclusion chromatography and sedimentation on sucrose gradients, allowed us to estimate the size of the R:DM and R*:DM complexes. Our results agreed with a dimeric quaternary structure for both, R and R*. R crosslinked with sulfo-SMCC, in the presence of light, was stabilized in a photointermediate that absorbed at ~ 470 nm. Experiments of proteolysis with termolysine on R native dimers and R monomers generated by using high concentrations of DM, together with modeling studies based on the reported crystal structure of the protein, suggested that sulfo-SMCC generated an intramolecular cross-link between Cys140 and Lys248 of R, which was probably responsible for the incapacity of the protein to display the conformational change required to reach its photoactivated state.

Trypanosoma evansi contains protein kinases capable of phosphorylating endogenous substrates with apparent molecular masses in the range between 20 and 205 kDa. The major phosphopolypeptide band, pp55, was predominantly localized in the particulate fraction. Anti-alpha and anti-beta tubulin monoclonal antibodies recognized pp55 by Western blot analyses, suggesting that this band corresponds to phosphorylated tubulin. Inhibition experiments in the presence of emodin, heparin, and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate indicated that the parasite tubulin kinase was a casein kinase 2 (CK2)-like activity. GTP, which can be utilized instead of ATP by CK2, stimulated rather than inactivated the phosphorylation of tubulin in the parasite homogenate and particulate fraction. However, GTP inhibited the cytosolic CK2 responsible for phosphorylating soluble tubulin and other soluble substrates. Casein and two selective peptide substrates, P1 (RRKDLHDDEEDEAMSITA) for casein kinase (CK1) and P2 (RRRADDSDDDDD) for CK2, were recognized as substrates in T. evansi. While the enzymes present in the soluble fraction predominantly phosphorylated P1, P2 was preferentially labeled in the particulate fractions. These results demonstrated the existence of CK1-like and CK2-like activities primarily located in the parasite cytosolic and membranous fractions, respectively. Histone II-A and kemptide (LRRASVA) also behaved as suitable substrates, implying the existence of other Ser/Thr kinases in T. evansi. Cyclic AMP only increased the phosphorylation of histone II-A and kemptide in the cytosol, demonstrating the existence of soluble cAMP-dependent protein kinase-like activities in T. evansi. However, no endogenous substrates for this enzyme were identified in this fraction. Further evidences were obtained by using PKI (6-22), a reported inhibitor of the catalytic subunit of mammalian cAMP-dependent protein kinases, which specifically hindered the cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of histone II-A and kemptide in the parasite soluble fraction. Since the sum of the values obtained in the parasite cytosolic and particulate fractions were always higher than the values observed in the total T. evansi lysate, the kinase activities examined here appeared to be inhibited in the original extract.

Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes were extracted under various conditions in order to examine the role of divalent cations in the solubilization of microtubule proteins. When epimastigotes were homogenized in the presence of 5 mM Mg+2 and 5 mM Ca+2, a protein kinase responsible for phosphorylating tubulin, as well as the tubulin that became phosphorylated, remained tightly associated with the parasite particulate and detergent-resistant fractions. On the contrary, tubulin kinase and its substrate were predominantly released into the parasite cytosolic and detergent-soluble fractions, when epimastigotes were extracted in the presence of 5 mM EDTA and 5 mM EGTA. These evidences demonstrated a divalent cation-dependent solubilization of the enzyme responsible for the phosphorylation of tubulin in T. cruzi epimastigotes and suggested a tight association between tubulin and this kinase. Under all conditions tested, tubulin kinase activity in epimastigote extracts was lower than the addition of the corresponding value in the parasite cytosolic and membranous fractions, suggesting the presence of a kinase inhibitor or regulatory subunit which also seemed to be modulated by divalent cations. Additionally, inhibition experiments in the presence of heparin, 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate and GTP established that the parasite tubulin kinase corresponded to a protein kinase CK2